设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

An Assessment of Oil Pollution in the Coastal Zone of Patagonia,Argentina

The Patagonian coast is considered a relatively pristine environment. However, studies conducted along coastal Patagonia have showed hydrocarbon pollution mostly concentrated at ports that have fishing, oil loading, general merchant, and/or tourist activities. A high value of total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAH) was found at the Rawson fishing port (741 μg/g dw). In other ports with and without petroleum-related activities, hydrocarbon values were approximately 100 μg/g dw. The highest values for TAH and total aromatic hydrocarbons (TArH) were found in Faro Aristizábal, north of San Jorge gulf (1304 and 737 μg/g dw, respectively). This is very likely the result of petroleum-related activities at the Comodoro Rivadavia, Caleta Cordova, and Caleta Olivia ports located within this gulf. In other coastal areas away from potential anthropogenic sources, hydrocarbon values were less than 2 and 3 μg/g dw for TAH and TArH, respectively. This review of published and unpublished information suggests that ports are important oil pollution sources in the Patagonian coast. More detailed studies are needed to evaluate the area affected by port activities, to understand the mechanisms of hydrocarbon distribution in surrounding environments, and to assess bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Despite that some regulations exist to control oil pollution derived from port and docked vessel activities, new and stricter management guidelines should be implemented.     

黄土高塬沟壑区典型城郊流域地表水硝酸盐来源示踪

随着工农业的快速发展,地表水硝酸盐污染已成为黄土高原地区严重的环境问题之一.以黄土高塬沟壑区典型城郊流域砚瓦川为研究区,采用水化学分析方法和氮氧双稳定同位素技术,并结合SIAR模型,定量识别旱季和雨季研究区地表水硝酸盐不同污染源的贡献率,阐明不同污染源季节性差异的主要原因.结果表明,流域地表水无机氮主要以NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N形态存在,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N雨季浓度平均值均高于旱季,而NH₄⁺-N则呈现相反特征;流域内地表水硝酸盐的转化过程主要以硝化作用为主,雨季其主要来源是粪肥污水,而旱季主要为粪肥污水和土壤氮淋溶,铵肥次之;不同污染源对流域地表水硝酸盐的贡献比例具有显著的季节性差异,旱季与雨季城镇污水排放的贡献比例均为最高,分别为31.40%和65.66%,且雨季污水排放对NO₃^-的影响远高于旱季,夏季居民用水增加导致大量污水排放至流域内是引起这一现象的主要原因.     

汾河流域地表水水化学同位素特征及其影响因素

汾河是山西的母亲河.由于水资源过度开发及社会经济发展影响,生态环境恶化.经过一系列治理保护措施,水质得到改善.利用统计学、Piper三线图和Gibbs模型等方法,分析了汾河流域地表水水化学和氢氧同位素特征及其来源,揭示了汾河流域地表水水质演化过程.结果表明,汾河干流地表水中主要水化学组分沿着径流路径含量逐渐增加;汾河上游地表水水化学类型主要以HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg为主,中游和下游地表水水化学类型主要以SO₄·HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg为主.汾河流域地表水水化学组成主要受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用影响,而降雨影响较小.Na⁺和K⁺主要来源于蒸发盐岩的溶解以及周边黄土中含Na矿物溶解,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,SO₄^2-除来源于石膏的溶解,还可能来源于汾河周边黄土层中硫化矿物的溶解.干流地表水δD和δ¹⁸ O平均值分别为-62.60‰和-8.42‰,氢氧同位素特征进一步表明其主要受蒸发作用的影响.流域内支流及岩溶水水化学组分差异较大.结果可为汾河流域生态修复保护及生态文明建设提供依据.     

固定污染源烟气比对监测的几点思考

固定源烟气对比监测是保证自动监测数据质量的重要手段。但是,有效性审核比对监测过程中存在烟气排放连续监测系统安装不规范、手工监测抗干扰能力较差、烟气预处理效果不稳定及监测点位差异影响监测结果比对等问题。在此基础上,提出了严格规范环境监测点位的布置,针对不同的污染源确定适合的监测技术方法,研发完善的烟气预处理设施以及建立健全的自动监测质量保证体系等解决问题的对策。     

A review of the protection of sources of drinking water in China

Water is a natural resource key to human and environmental health. China has suffered serious contamination of its water sources in the past decade, which has had severe consequences on the water supplies of millions of residents. Frequent polluting accidents and the amount of wastewater discharged have caused concern for the safety of drinking water. Fortunately, those at various levels of government have realized the importance of protecting the sources of drinking water and confirmed a list of 175 nationally important sources. Measures have also been adopted to control water pollution, including infrastructural, physical, chemical, ecological, administrative, and legal measures. While helpful, some areas in need of more attention are rural water, groundwater, agricultural pollution, and domestic sewage. Based on the lessons learned from experiences in developed countries, we offer some suggestions for improving, inter alia, funding, legal construction, management, and awareness‐raising, as well as present proposals for the future protection of our sources of drinking water. Future work should focus on water quality standards, quantitative research, high technology and legislation.     

不同收入来源对甘肃省城乡收入差距的影响研究

收入由多个来源部分组成,城乡收入差距的变化是收入来源各部分变动的综合反映,透过收入来源的角度可以清晰地判断城乡收入差距产生的根源.本文运用泰尔指数及其分解方法,对2003-2008年甘肃省城乡收入差距大小及其在总区域收入差距中的贡献变化趋势进行测度,并利用要素分解法实证分析了不同收入来源对城乡收入差距的影响,以此揭示甘肃省城乡收入差距产生的原因.研究发现,城乡收入差距在总区域收入差距中的贡献是递增变化的,已经成为影响甘肃省居民收入差距的重要因素;工资性收入是目前拉大城乡收入差距最为重要的原因,而家庭经营性收入则起着缩小差距的作用,转移性收入和财产性收入在总收入中所占比例很小,但转移性收入对城乡收入差距的贡献却不容轻视.基于研究结果,提出了增加农民非农收入、推进农业产业化进程和完善城乡间收入再分配制度等政策建议,以期为欠发达地区缩小城乡收入差距带来一些启示.     

“加压上浮法”应急除藻技术在水源地的应用示范

近年来,太湖蓝藻水华问题日趋严峻,除藻技术是解决该问题最直接而有效的手段,对现有各类除藻技术进行了比较,并以"加压上浮法"应急除藻技术在苏州阳澄湖局部地区的示范工程为例,介绍了该方法的技术原理、技术实现以及在工程应用中的实际意义,为同行在水源地或特殊功能区除藻技术的应用提供参考。     

集合数值预报系统在上海市空气质量预测预报中的应用研究

介绍了上海市世博环境空气质量集合数值预报系统的框架,分析了各模式在上海市空气质量预报及排放源污染贡献测算中的应用情况,提出开发多种预报手段、实施集合预报是提高城市空气质量预报准确率的发展方向。     

海门市长江水厂饮用水源地富营养化调查及污染防治对策研究

采用综合营养状态指数法对2008年至2011年海门市长江水厂饮用水源地水质状况进行评价，结果表明，该水源地已呈现出富营养化的发展趋势。结合饮用水源地现状，必须采取控制外源和内源的排放、恢复生态系统等措施，遏止水体富营养化，确保人民群众的饮用水源安全。